COMPOUNDABLE & NON COMPOUNDABLE OFFENCE IN INDIA

Compoundable offences

Compoundable offences are those offences where, the complainant enter into a compromise, and agrees to have the charges dropped against the accused. 

·   (complainant  is the one who has filed the case, i.e. the victim), However, such a compromise, should be a "Bonafide," and not for any consideration to which the complainant is not entitled to.

Section 320 of the CrPC looks at compounding of offences

Compoundable offences are less serious criminal offences and are of two different types mentioned in tables in Section 320 of the CrPC, as follows:

1.  Court permission is not required before compounding – Examples of these offences include adultery, causing hurt, defamation criminal trespass.
2.  Court permission is required before compounding – Examples of such offences are causing miscarriage, voluntarily causing grievous hurt, Criminal breach of trust, Marrying again during the life-time of a husband or wife, assault on a woman with intention to outrage her modesty, dishonest misappropriation of property amongst others.

Application for compounding the offence shall be made before the same court before which the trial is proceeding. Once an offence has been compounded it shall have the same effect, as if, the accused has been acquitted of the charges.

Non Compoundable offences

Non- Compoundable offences are some offences, which cannot be compounded. They can only be quashed.

The reason for this is, because the nature of offence is so grave and criminal, that the Accused cannot be allowed to go scot-free. 

• In these types of cases generally, it is the "state", i.e. police, who has filed the case, and hence the question of complainant entering into compromise does not arise.
• Under a non-compoundable offense, a private party as well as the society, both are affected by such offenses. All those offences, which are not mentioned in the list under section (320) of CrPC, are non-compoundable offences.
• In Non-compoundable offense, no compromise is allowed.
• Even the court does not have the authority and power to compound such offense. Full trail is held which ends with the acquittal or conviction of the offender, based on the evidence given.If a non-compoundable offence has been compounded, against the law and the accused has be
• en acquitted based on the same compromise, the High Court has the power to set aside such an order.

Power of High Court under section 482 of CrPC:

Section 482 of CrPC gives the High Court inherent powers to deal with matters in order to;

•   to give effect to any order under CrPC, or
•   to prevent abuse of the process of any Court or
•   to secure the ends of justice. 

If the crime is serious in nature and has a grave impact on the society, the High Court is empowered to quash the proceedings even if the parties have arrived at a compromise.

A High Court or Court of Session acting in the exercise of its powers of revision under section 401 may allow any person to compound any offence which such person is competent to compound under this section.

If it is a civil matter, the wrong is personal in nature and if the parties have resolved the dispute by way of a compromise then the proceedings may be quashed.

No offence shall be compounded if the accused is, by reason of a previous conviction, liable either to enhanced punishment or to a punishment of a different kind for such offence.

we shall understand it better in the chart given below with the offences

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WRIT PETITION (WP)

What is Writ?

Writs are a written order from Supreme Court or High Court that commands constitutional remedies for Indian Citizens against the violation of their fundamental rights. 

A writ petition can be filed in the High Court (Article 226) or the Supreme Court (Article 32) of India when any of your fundamental rights are violated. The jurisdiction with the High Courts (Article 226) with regards to a writ petition is wider and extends to constitutional rights too.

The writs- Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Certiorari, Quo Warranto and Prohibition

Types of Writs

Habeas Corpus (HCP)

• A petition for personal liberty or release from detention can be filed by an Individual through a petition of Habeas Corpus which means ‘to have control of body’. On receipt of the petition against the order of the lower court or the individual under which the person is or being detained, the court can issue a direction of release.
• For instance, a writ petition of Habeas Corpus for release of any person can be made if he is to be placed before the magistrate within 24 hours or if he is arrested for no reason or the reason for his arrest is unjustifiable.
• If a person has been illegally detained, he himself, a friend or even a relative can file a writ of Habeas Corpus.

• Habeas Corpus can not be issued in the following cases 
• 1. When detention is lawful
  2. When the proceeding is for contempt of a legislature or a court
  3. Detention is by a competent court
  4. Detention is outside the jurisdiction of the court

Mandamus

• Mandamus means we command.A writ of Mandamus is issued by a higher court to a lower court, tribunal or a public authority to perform an act which such a lower court is bound to perform. If a public official is not performing his duty, the court can order it or him/her to do that. 
• Unlike Habeas Corpus, Mandamus cannot be issued against a private individual

• Mandamus can not be issued in the following cases:
1. To enforce departmental instruction that does not possess statutory force
2. To order someone to work when the kind of work is discretionary and not mandatory
3. To enforce a contractual obligation
4. Mandamus can’t be issued against Indian President or State Governors
5. Against the chief justice of a high court acting in a judicial capacity

Prohibition

• The literal meaning of ‘Prohibition’ is ‘To forbid.’ A court which is higher in position issues Prohibition writ against a court which is lower in position to prevent the latter from exceeding its jurisdiction or usurping a jurisdiction that it does not possess. It directs inactivity.

• Writ of Prohibition can only be issued against judicial and quasi-judicial authorities.
• It can’t be issued against administrative authorities, legislative bodies, and private individuals or bodies.

Certiorari

• The literal meaning of the writ of ‘Certiorari’ is ‘To be certified’ or ‘To be informed.’ This writ is against issued by a court higher in authority to a lower court or tribunal ordering them either to transfer a case pending with them to itself or to squash their order in a case.
• It is issued on the grounds of an excess of jurisdiction or lack of jurisdiction or error of law. 

• It not only prevents but also cures for the mistakes in the judiciary.
• It cannot be issued against legislative bodies and private individuals or bodies.

Quo-Warranto

• The writ of ‘Quo-Warranto’ is ‘By what authority or warrant.’Court issue this writ to prevent illegal usurpation of a public office by a person. Through this writ, the court enquires into the legality of a claim of a person to a public office.

• Quo-Warranto can be issued only when the substantive public office of a permanent character created by a statute or by the Constitution is involved
• It can’t be issued against private or ministerial office

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